= Solution =

A substance suspended in a liquid

* Solvent
 - The dissolving agent or the most abundant substance in a solution
* Solute
 - The substance being dissolved or the least abundant susbtance

When suspended, molecule is surrounded by solvent

* Saturated
 - A solution containing the max amount of dissolved solute at a given temp
* Unsaturated
 - A solution containing less than the max amount of dissolved solute at a
   given temp
* Supersaturated
 - Solution containing more than the max amount of dissolved solute at given
   temp. In a non equilibrium situation.

== Measuring ==

Molarity is moles_solute/liters_solution

This is a ratio

Dilution reduces this ratio

== Dissolution Process ==

When a solute dissolved into a solvent

Can be interaction of any two states of matter (except plasma)

* Solute-Solute
 - interactions are broken
 - Endothermic
* Solvent-Solvent
 - interactions are broken
 - Endothermic
* Solvent-Solute
 - interactions are formed
 - exothermic

The oposite charge of the water molecule pulls molecules of other molecules off
of structure and into the solution. Works with ionic compounds ie NaCl

== Solubility ==

A quantitative term that describes the max amount of a substance that will
dissolve in a given amount of solvent. Usually in g/100mL

* sucrose
 - 204g/100mL
* AgCl
 - 9 x 10^-5 g/100mL

* Micsible
 - Liquids that are mutuall soluble in all proportions
* Immiscible
 - Liquids that are mutually insoluble

Nature of solute and solvent, ie _likes disolve likes_

Temperature increases in solids/liquids means incresed solubility, due to
increase in solute-solvent interactions

For gasses the opposite is true. For gasses, as pressure increases, so does
solubility. *Henry's Law*

=== Guidlines for water ===

* Compounds with Group I ions (NH,,4,, , NO,,3,,) are *always soluble in water*
* Compounds containing 
 - Cl, Br, I
  - Unless in soln with Ag, Cu, Hg^2 and Pb^2
 - SO,,4,,^2 
  - Unless in soln with Ba Ca Hg^2 Pb^2 and Sr^2

^ Above are always soluble in water

Insoluble

* OH^-
 - Except with Alkali metals and ammonium
* S^2-
 - Except with Barium, strontium, magnesium, sodium, potasium, and ammonium
* Carbonates, oxalates, chromates, and phostates
 - Except with Alkali metals and ammonium

== Hydrates ==

Compounds that have water molecules imbedded into their structure. Amount of
water is inidicated with latin prefixes. 

Named via prefix + hydrate

== Concentration ==

* Concentration
 - A quantitative expression of the amount of solute dissolved into a solvent
* Concentrated solution
 - A solution of high concentration
* Dilute solution
 - Solution of low concentration

== [[electrolytes|Electrolytes]] ==

see [[electrolytes|Electrolytes]] 

[[index]]