119 lines
2.6 KiB
Plaintext
119 lines
2.6 KiB
Plaintext
= Matter =
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Any material that occupies space and has mass
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== Classification ==
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* Pure substance
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- Matter with fixed composition with uniform appearance and properties
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* Impurity
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- Trace quantities of substances in a sample other than the main component
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* Element
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- A fundamental substance that cannot be chemically broken down into a simpler
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substance with different properties (118 total)
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== Allotropes ==
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Structurally different forms of an elemtn that have different chemical and
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physical properties, like graphite and diamond
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== Atom models ==
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* Dalton
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- Balls that are homogenous
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* Rutherford's
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- Orbiting model
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== [[periodic_table|Periodic Table]] ==
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see [[periodic_table|Periodic Table]]
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* Metals
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- High luster, malleable good conductors
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- Form cations
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* Non-metals
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- Low density and melting point
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- form anions
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* Metaloids
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- Properties of both
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== Laws ==
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* Law of constant compositon
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- Elemental compsoiton of a given compound is constant regardless of origin of
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compund
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* Law of multiple proportion
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- Two substances combine in whole number ratios
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* Law of conservation of matter and energy
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- No detectable change may be observed in the mass and energy of the substances
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involved in a chemical reaction
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== Isotopes ==
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Atoms of an element that differ in nuetron counts
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* An atom can have eletctrical charge (ion)
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- Cation has positive charge
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- Anion has negative charge
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== Measuring atoms ==
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AMU atomic mass units are used
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Moles are how many sets of 6.022 x 10^22 particles there are
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== Diatomic Elements ==
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Any molecule that has two elements, diatomic elements are just two of the same
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element bonded to itself
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O,,2,, , F,,2,, , Cl,,2,, , Br,,2,,
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== Bonds ==
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* Covalent
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- Formed through sharing of electrons
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- Stabilized by charges of electron clouds interacting with nucleus
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* Ionic
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- Bonds formed through electrostatic attractions betwen partices of differing
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charge
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- Usually made of a metal and nonmetal
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- Charge is always zero
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== Oxidation Numbers ==
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Number with a positive or negative or zero value that indicates deficiencies or
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excesses of electrons for an atom or polyatomic ion.
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* Always zero in free elements
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* Get non-zero oxidation value by bonding
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* Oxidiation number is equal to ion charge
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Rules (kinda)
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* Metals always have + values
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* Oxidation number of H is always +1 except in metal hydrides
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* Oxidation number of O is -2 except in peroxides like H,,2,,O,,2,,
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== [[naming|Naming]] ==
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see [[naming|Naming]]
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== [[acids|Acids]] ==
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see [[acids|Acids]]
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== [[bases|Bases]] ==
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see [[bases|Bases]]
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== [[salts|Salts]] ==
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see [[salts|Salts]]
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== [[oxyacids|Oxyacids]] ==
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see [[oxyacids|Oxyacids]]
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[[index]]
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