112 lines
2.7 KiB
Plaintext
112 lines
2.7 KiB
Plaintext
= Solution =
|
|
|
|
A substance suspended in a liquid
|
|
|
|
* Solvent
|
|
- The dissolving agent or the most abundant substance in a solution
|
|
* Solute
|
|
- The substance being dissolved or the least abundant susbtance
|
|
|
|
When suspended, molecule is surrounded by solvent
|
|
|
|
* Saturated
|
|
- A solution containing the max amount of dissolved solute at a given temp
|
|
* Unsaturated
|
|
- A solution containing less than the max amount of dissolved solute at a
|
|
given temp
|
|
* Supersaturated
|
|
- Solution containing more than the max amount of dissolved solute at given
|
|
temp. In a non equilibrium situation.
|
|
|
|
== Measuring ==
|
|
|
|
Molarity is moles_solute/liters_solution
|
|
|
|
This is a ratio
|
|
|
|
Dilution reduces this ratio
|
|
|
|
== Dissolution Process ==
|
|
|
|
When a solute dissolved into a solvent
|
|
|
|
Can be interaction of any two states of matter (except plasma)
|
|
|
|
* Solute-Solute
|
|
- interactions are broken
|
|
- Endothermic
|
|
* Solvent-Solvent
|
|
- interactions are broken
|
|
- Endothermic
|
|
* Solvent-Solute
|
|
- interactions are formed
|
|
- exothermic
|
|
|
|
The oposite charge of the water molecule pulls molecules of other molecules off
|
|
of structure and into the solution. Works with ionic compounds ie NaCl
|
|
|
|
== Solubility ==
|
|
|
|
A quantitative term that describes the max amount of a substance that will
|
|
dissolve in a given amount of solvent. Usually in g/100mL
|
|
|
|
* sucrose
|
|
- 204g/100mL
|
|
* AgCl
|
|
- 9 x 10^-5 g/100mL
|
|
|
|
* Micsible
|
|
- Liquids that are mutuall soluble in all proportions
|
|
* Immiscible
|
|
- Liquids that are mutually insoluble
|
|
|
|
Nature of solute and solvent, ie _likes disolve likes_
|
|
|
|
Temperature increases in solids/liquids means incresed solubility, due to
|
|
increase in solute-solvent interactions
|
|
|
|
For gasses the opposite is true. For gasses, as pressure increases, so does
|
|
solubility. *Henry's Law*
|
|
|
|
=== Guidlines for water ===
|
|
|
|
* Compounds with Group I ions (NH,,4,, , NO,,3,,) are *always soluble in water*
|
|
* Compounds containing
|
|
- Cl, Br, I
|
|
- Unless in soln with Ag, Cu, Hg^2 and Pb^2
|
|
- SO,,4,,^2
|
|
- Unless in soln with Ba Ca Hg^2 Pb^2 and Sr^2
|
|
|
|
^ Above are always soluble in water
|
|
|
|
Insoluble
|
|
|
|
* OH^-
|
|
- Except with Alkali metals and ammonium
|
|
* S^2-
|
|
- Except with Barium, strontium, magnesium, sodium, potasium, and ammonium
|
|
* Carbonates, oxalates, chromates, and phostates
|
|
- Except with Alkali metals and ammonium
|
|
|
|
== Hydrates ==
|
|
|
|
Compounds that have water molecules imbedded into their structure. Amount of
|
|
water is inidicated with latin prefixes.
|
|
|
|
Named via prefix + hydrate
|
|
|
|
== Concentration ==
|
|
|
|
* Concentration
|
|
- A quantitative expression of the amount of solute dissolved into a solvent
|
|
* Concentrated solution
|
|
- A solution of high concentration
|
|
* Dilute solution
|
|
- Solution of low concentration
|
|
|
|
== [[electrolytes|Electrolytes]] ==
|
|
|
|
see [[electrolytes|Electrolytes]]
|
|
|
|
[[index]]
|