119 lines
2.6 KiB
Plaintext
119 lines
2.6 KiB
Plaintext
|
= Matter =
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Any material that occupies space and has mass
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
== Classification ==
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
* Pure substance
|
||
|
|
- Matter with fixed composition with uniform appearance and properties
|
||
|
|
* Impurity
|
||
|
|
- Trace quantities of substances in a sample other than the main component
|
||
|
|
* Element
|
||
|
|
- A fundamental substance that cannot be chemically broken down into a simpler
|
||
|
|
substance with different properties (118 total)
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
== Allotropes ==
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Structurally different forms of an elemtn that have different chemical and
|
||
|
|
physical properties, like graphite and diamond
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
== Atom models ==
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
* Dalton
|
||
|
|
- Balls that are homogenous
|
||
|
|
* Rutherford's
|
||
|
|
- Orbiting model
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
== [[periodic_table|Periodic Table]] ==
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
see [[periodic_table|Periodic Table]]
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
* Metals
|
||
|
|
- High luster, malleable good conductors
|
||
|
|
- Form cations
|
||
|
|
* Non-metals
|
||
|
|
- Low density and melting point
|
||
|
|
- form anions
|
||
|
|
* Metaloids
|
||
|
|
- Properties of both
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
== Laws ==
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
* Law of constant compositon
|
||
|
|
- Elemental compsoiton of a given compound is constant regardless of origin of
|
||
|
|
compund
|
||
|
|
* Law of multiple proportion
|
||
|
|
- Two substances combine in whole number ratios
|
||
|
|
* Law of conservation of matter and energy
|
||
|
|
- No detectable change may be observed in the mass and energy of the substances
|
||
|
|
involved in a chemical reaction
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
== Isotopes ==
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Atoms of an element that differ in nuetron counts
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
* An atom can have eletctrical charge (ion)
|
||
|
|
- Cation has positive charge
|
||
|
|
- Anion has negative charge
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
== Measuring atoms ==
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
AMU atomic mass units are used
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Moles are how many sets of 6.022 x 10^22 particles there are
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
== Diatomic Elements ==
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Any molecule that has two elements, diatomic elements are just two of the same
|
||
|
|
element bonded to itself
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
O,,2,, , F,,2,, , Cl,,2,, , Br,,2,,
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
== Bonds ==
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
* Covalent
|
||
|
|
- Formed through sharing of electrons
|
||
|
|
- Stabilized by charges of electron clouds interacting with nucleus
|
||
|
|
* Ionic
|
||
|
|
- Bonds formed through electrostatic attractions betwen partices of differing
|
||
|
|
charge
|
||
|
|
- Usually made of a metal and nonmetal
|
||
|
|
- Charge is always zero
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
== Oxidation Numbers ==
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Number with a positive or negative or zero value that indicates deficiencies or
|
||
|
|
excesses of electrons for an atom or polyatomic ion.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
* Always zero in free elements
|
||
|
|
* Get non-zero oxidation value by bonding
|
||
|
|
* Oxidiation number is equal to ion charge
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Rules (kinda)
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
* Metals always have + values
|
||
|
|
* Oxidation number of H is always +1 except in metal hydrides
|
||
|
|
* Oxidation number of O is -2 except in peroxides like H,,2,,O,,2,,
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
== [[naming|Naming]] ==
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
see [[naming|Naming]]
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
== [[acids|Acids]] ==
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
see [[acids|Acids]]
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
== [[bases|Bases]] ==
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
see [[bases|Bases]]
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
== [[salts|Salts]] ==
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
see [[salts|Salts]]
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
== [[oxyacids|Oxyacids]] ==
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
see [[oxyacids|Oxyacids]]
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
[[index]]
|