vimwiki/sci/matter.wiki

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2021-09-23 21:42:44 +00:00
= Matter =
Any material that occupies space and has mass
== Classification ==
* Pure substance
- Matter with fixed composition with uniform appearance and properties
* Impurity
- Trace quantities of substances in a sample other than the main component
* Element
- A fundamental substance that cannot be chemically broken down into a simpler
substance with different properties (118 total)
== Allotropes ==
Structurally different forms of an elemtn that have different chemical and
physical properties, like graphite and diamond
== Atom models ==
* Dalton
- Balls that are homogenous
* Rutherford's
- Orbiting model
== [[periodic_table|Periodic Table]] ==
see [[periodic_table|Periodic Table]]
* Metals
- High luster, malleable good conductors
- Form cations
* Non-metals
- Low density and melting point
- form anions
* Metaloids
- Properties of both
== Laws ==
* Law of constant compositon
- Elemental compsoiton of a given compound is constant regardless of origin of
compund
* Law of multiple proportion
- Two substances combine in whole number ratios
* Law of conservation of matter and energy
- No detectable change may be observed in the mass and energy of the substances
involved in a chemical reaction
== Isotopes ==
Atoms of an element that differ in nuetron counts
* An atom can have eletctrical charge (ion)
- Cation has positive charge
- Anion has negative charge
== Measuring atoms ==
AMU atomic mass units are used
Moles are how many sets of 6.022 x 10^22 particles there are
== Diatomic Elements ==
Any molecule that has two elements, diatomic elements are just two of the same
element bonded to itself
O,,2,, , F,,2,, , Cl,,2,, , Br,,2,,
== Bonds ==
* Covalent
- Formed through sharing of electrons
- Stabilized by charges of electron clouds interacting with nucleus
* Ionic
- Bonds formed through electrostatic attractions betwen partices of differing
charge
- Usually made of a metal and nonmetal
- Charge is always zero
== Oxidation Numbers ==
Number with a positive or negative or zero value that indicates deficiencies or
excesses of electrons for an atom or polyatomic ion.
* Always zero in free elements
* Get non-zero oxidation value by bonding
* Oxidiation number is equal to ion charge
Rules (kinda)
* Metals always have + values
* Oxidation number of H is always +1 except in metal hydrides
* Oxidation number of O is -2 except in peroxides like H,,2,,O,,2,,
== [[naming|Naming]] ==
see [[naming|Naming]]
== [[acids|Acids]] ==
see [[acids|Acids]]
== [[bases|Bases]] ==
see [[bases|Bases]]
== [[salts|Salts]] ==
see [[salts|Salts]]
== [[oxyacids|Oxyacids]] ==
see [[oxyacids|Oxyacids]]
[[index]]