vimwiki/sci/solution.wiki

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= Solution =
A substance suspended in a liquid
* Solvent
- The dissolving agent or the most abundant substance in a solution
* Solute
- The substance being dissolved or the least abundant susbtance
When suspended, molecule is surrounded by solvent
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* Saturated
- A solution containing the max amount of dissolved solute at a given temp
* Unsaturated
- A solution containing less than the max amount of dissolved solute at a
given temp
* Supersaturated
- Solution containing more than the max amount of dissolved solute at given
temp. In a non equilibrium situation.
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== Measuring ==
Molarity is moles_solute/liters_solution
This is a ratio
Dilution reduces this ratio
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== Dissolution Process ==
When a solute dissolved into a solvent
Can be interaction of any two states of matter (except plasma)
* Solute-Solute
- interactions are broken
- Endothermic
* Solvent-Solvent
- interactions are broken
- Endothermic
* Solvent-Solute
- interactions are formed
- exothermic
The oposite charge of the water molecule pulls molecules of other molecules off
of structure and into the solution. Works with ionic compounds ie NaCl
== Solubility ==
A quantitative term that describes the max amount of a substance that will
dissolve in a given amount of solvent. Usually in g/100mL
* sucrose
- 204g/100mL
* AgCl
- 9 x 10^-5 g/100mL
* Micsible
- Liquids that are mutuall soluble in all proportions
* Immiscible
- Liquids that are mutually insoluble
Nature of solute and solvent, ie _likes disolve likes_
Temperature increases in solids/liquids means incresed solubility, due to
increase in solute-solvent interactions
For gasses the opposite is true. For gasses, as pressure increases, so does
solubility. *Henry's Law*
=== Guidlines for water ===
* Compounds with Group I ions (NH,,4,, , NO,,3,,) are *always soluble in water*
* Compounds containing
- Cl, Br, I
- Unless in soln with Ag, Cu, Hg^2 and Pb^2
- SO,,4,,^2
- Unless in soln with Ba Ca Hg^2 Pb^2 and Sr^2
^ Above are always soluble in water
Insoluble
* OH^-
- Except with Alkali metals and ammonium
* S^2-
- Except with Barium, strontium, magnesium, sodium, potasium, and ammonium
* Carbonates, oxalates, chromates, and phostates
- Except with Alkali metals and ammonium
== Hydrates ==
Compounds that have water molecules imbedded into their structure. Amount of
water is inidicated with latin prefixes.
Named via prefix + hydrate
== Concentration ==
* Concentration
- A quantitative expression of the amount of solute dissolved into a solvent
* Concentrated solution
- A solution of high concentration
* Dilute solution
- Solution of low concentration
== [[electrolytes|Electrolytes]] ==
see [[electrolytes|Electrolytes]]
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[[index]]